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Provenance

Commissioned by Floriano Griffoni for a family chapel (the sixth off the north aisle) in the church of San Petronio, Bologna;[1] moved to the Casa Aldrovandi, Bologna, c. 1731, but no longer there in 1782.[2] Count Ugo Beni, Gubbio, by 1858;[3] purchased 1881 or at (Beni sale, Gubbio, April 1882, no. 4, as Saint Martin by Zoppo) by Joseph Spiridon [1845-1930], Paris;[4] (his sale, Cassirer and Helbing, Berlin, 31 May 1929, no. 12, as Heilige Liberalis); (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London and New York);[5] sold May 1936 to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[6] gift 1939 to NGA.

[1] The first mention of the altarpiece is in Giorgio Vasari's Vite. "Lorenzo Cossa" (a conflation of Cossa and Lorenzo Costa), in the 1550 life of Cossa's student Ercole de' Roberti ("Ercole Ferrarese", Vasari, ed. R. Bettarini and P. Barocchi, 3, part 1, 1971: 420), notes "E cosi in San Petronio, in una cappella, una tavola a tempera che si conosce a la maniera, con una predella sotto di figure piccole fatte con gran diligenzia" (And likewise [he painted] in San Petronio, in a chapel, an altarpiece in tempera recognizale by its style, with a predella beneath of small figures done with great diligence). In the 1568 edition of the Lives (ed. Rosanna Bettarini and Paola Barocchi, 8+ vols., Florence, 1966-: 3, part 1(1971):419-420), Vasari provides further information, noting that the chapel was dedicated to Saint Vincent and that the predella, which Vasari considered of higher quality than the rest of the altarpiece, was painted by Ercole.

The 1568 edition includes a separate biography for "Lorenzo Costa" (the same Cossa-Costa conflation with a slightly different name) mentioning the chapel's donors, the Griffoni (Vasari, ed. Bettarini and Barocchi, 3, part 1, 1971: 415-416). That the Griffoni patron of the altarpiece was Floriano is demonstrated by a document of 19 July 1473 (Archivio di San Petronio, Vacchetta di mandati, VII, n. 413, c. 13t), cited by I.B. Supino, L'arte nelle chiese di Bologna: secoli XV-XVI, 2 vols., Bologna, 1932 and 1938: 2:196-199: "Item, m. Augustino de Marchi de Crema, magistro lignaminis, libras sex quatrinorum pro capsa quam fecit circa tablum altaris Floriani de Grifonibus; promiserunt Officiales ei donare." (Item, the officials promised to give to Messr. Agostino de Marchi of Crema, master woodworker, six lire, for the frame which he made around Floriano Griffoni's altarpiece). It was customary for an artist to undertake a large-scale painting after its frame had been made, so work on the altarpiece probably began after the woodcarver received payment for the frame.

The attribution to Lorenzo Costa and association with Griffoni are also found in Pietro Lamo, Graticola di Bologna, ossia descrizione delle pitture sculture e architteture di detta citta [c. 1560], Bologna, 1844: 39; Carlo Cesare Malvasia, Pitture di Bologna, Bologna, 1686: 242; Antonio di Paolo Masini, Bologna perlustrata, Bologna, 1666, 111, and Pitture di Bologna (anonymous revision of Malvasia 1686), Bologna, 1706: 259.

[2] On 14 February 1725 the painter Stefano Orlandi wrote to Cardinal Pompeo Aldrovandi, to whom custody of the Griffoni chapel had passed (Daniele Benati, 1984, 193 note 26, and "Per la recomposizione del polittico Griffoni," in Da Borso a Cesare d'Este: La scuola di Ferrara, 1450-1628, [exh. cat., Matthiesen Fine Art, Ltd., London], Ferrara, 1985: 172-174), "Dal sig. Dottore Galimberti mi viene signigicato che vostra Signoria Illustrissima e Reverendissima sia per fare dipingere nella sua capella in San Petrino l'ornamento del altare...per ciò ò stimato bene presentarli un piccolo abozo della forma che si ritrova la tavola di detta altare a ciò veda, che per fare un ornamento moderno, quello non potria servire in nisuna forma..." (from Dr. Galimberti I understand that Your Reverence wishes to have decoration for the altar of your chapel in San Petronio painted...thus I have thought well to present to you a small sketch of the altarpiece so that you will see that it will not serve in any form to make modern ornamentation). Orlandi's suggestion to remove the altarpiece seems to have been carried out shortly before 22 October 1731, when Aldrovandi was sent a letter from his agent Angelo Fontana (Benati, see above), which reads in part "In ordine poi al dipinto, che stava all'Altare nella Cappella in S. Petronio non mancarò d'abboccarmi col Sig. Maccaferri per ridurre quello in tanti quadretti nella miglior forma, che si potrà, supponendo voglia farli ornare concornici proprie per campagna..." (As for the painting that was on the altar in the chapel in S. Petronio, I won't fail to speak with Sig. Maccaferri about reducing it into so many small pieces in the best possible shape, supposing a desire to ornament them with frames appropriate for the countryside...). The Griffoni altarpiece was no longer included in the Pitture di Bologna of 1732. The 1776 edition of Pitture, scolture ed architetture...di Bologna..., 215, notes decoration by Orlandi and Vittorio Bigari in the chapel ("Cospi, non più Griffoni") and continues: "La Tavola del Costa, colle storiette d'Ercole da Ferrara notate dal Vasari furono trasportate in Casa Aldrovandi allorchè il Cardinal Pompeo Aldrovandi successore de' Griffoni fece ridurre questa Cappella come al presente, prima di cambiarla colla Casa Cospi..." (Costa's [sic] altarpiece, along with the little stories by Ercole of Ferrara noted by Vasari, were transported to the Casa Aldrovandi when Cardinal Pompeo Aldrovandi, successor of the Griffoni, had the chapel reduced to its present form, before exchanging it with the Cospi family). An inventory of the Casa Aldrovandi in 1782 (Ms. B104, Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna) does not include any pictures that could come from the Griffoni altarpiece, however.

[3] The presence of Saint Florian and the companion Saint Lucy (NGA 1939.1.228) in the Beni collection is noted in a diary entry of 3 June 1858 by Otto Mündler (cited in Martin Davies, National Gallery Catalogues: The Earlier Italian Schools, London, 1961: 152, note 16; see also Otto Mündler, The Travel Diaries of Otto Mündler, 1855-1858, ed. Carol Togneri Dowd, in Walpole Society 51 (1985): 246-247, 268.

[4] The catalogue of the 1929 Spiridon collection sale indicates that both NGA paintings were purchased from Count Beni in Florence in 1881. This contradicts the citation in Davies 1961: 152 n. 16, that refers to them as lots 4 and 5 in the "Conte U. Beni" sale of April/May 1882 in Gubbio. This sale catalogue is unlocated.

[5] See Oskar Fischel, Die Sammlung Joseph Spiridon, Berlin, 1929: no. 12, repro.

[6] The Duveen Brothers letter confirming the sale of thirteen paintings and one sculpture, including NGA 1939.1.227 and .228, which were described as "representing 'St. Liberale' and 'St. Lucy', is dated 18 May 1939; the provenance is given as "Spiridon Coll'n" (copy in NGA curatorial files; Box 474, Folder 5, Duveen Brothers Records, accession number 960015, Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles). See also The Kress Collection Digital Archive, https://kress.nga.gov/Detail/objects/1817.

Exhibition History

1932
Exhibition of Italian Renaissance Art, Wadsworth Atheneum and Morgan Memorial, Hartford, 1932, no. 18, as Saint Liberale.
1933
Italian Paintings of the XIV to XVI Century Detroit Institute of Arts, 1933, no. 78, as San Liberale.
1935
Exposition de l'Art Italien de Cimabue à Tiepolo, Petit Palais, Paris, 1935, no. 121, as Saint Libéral.
2020
Il Polittico Griffoni Rinasce a Bologna: La Riscoperta di un Capolavoro, Palazzo Fava, Bologna, 2020 - 2021, no. 4, repro.

Bibliography

1872
Guardabassi, Mariano. Indice-Guida dei Monumenti Pagani e Cristiani Riguardanti l'istoria e l'arte esistenti nella provincia dell'Umbria. 1872:104
1901
Venturi, Adolfo. Storia dell'arte Italiana. 11 vols. Milan, 1901-1940: 7, part 3(1914): 598-599, repro.
1906
Venturi, Adolfo. "Due quadri di Francesco del Cossa nella raccolta Spiridion a Parigi." L'Arte 9 (1906): 139-140, repro.
1907
Berenson, Bernard. North Italian Painters of the Renaissance. New York and London, 1907: 202, repro.
1929
Dussler, L. "Die Italienishen Bilder der Sammlung Spiridon." Pantheon III (April 1929):160
1929
Fischel, Oskar. Die Sammlung Joseph Spiridon. Paris, 1929:no. 12, repro.
1929
Furst, Herbert. "Art News and Notes." Apollo 9 (1929):326-327, repro.
1934
Longhi, Roberto. Officina Ferrarese. Rome, 1934: 50.
1935
"La Mostra dell'antica arte Italiana a Parigi." Bollettino d'Arte 29, series 3 (1935):42, repro.
1941
Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 65, repro., as Saint Liberalis.
1941
Ortolani, Sergio. Cosmé Tura, Francesco del Cossa, Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1941:131, repro.
1941
Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 45, no. 338, as Saint Liberal.
1942
Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 246, repro. 88, as Saint Liberal.
1944
Frankfurter, Alfred M. The Kress Collection in the National Gallery. New York, 1944: 32, repro., as St. Liberale.
1945
Paintings and Sculpture from the Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1945 (reprinted 1947, 1949): 74, repro.
1950
Nicolson, Benedict. The Painters of Ferrara. London, 1950:13, repro.
1956
Longhi, Roberto. Officina ferrarese (1934), seguíta dagli Ampliamenti (1940) e dai Nuovi ampliamenti (1940-1955). Florence, 1956: 33, 130-131.
1958
Neppi, Alberto. Francesco Del Cossa. Milan, 1958:24-26, repro.
1959
Paintings and Sculpture from the Samuel H. Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1959: 116, repro.
1959
Ruhmer, Eberhard. Francesco Del Cossa. Munich, 1959:85, repro.
1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 301, repro.
1965
Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 32.
1966
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools, XIII-XV Century. London, 1966: 83-84, fig. 222.
1968
Berenson, Bernard. Italian Pictures of the Renaissance. Central Italian and North Italian Schools. 3 vols. London, 1968: 1:94. 2:pl.738.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 25, repro.
1972
Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. Census of Pre-Nineteenth Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections. Cambridge, Mass., 1972: 56.
1974
Molajoli, Rosemarie. L'Opera completa di Cosmè Tura e i grandi pittori ferraresi del suo tempo: Francesco Cossa e Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1974:no. 84, repro.
1974
Pesenti, Franco Renzo. "Dismembered works of art - Italian painting." In An Illustrated Inventory of Famous Dismembered Works of Art: European Painting. Paris, 1974: 24, 46-47, repro.
1975
European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 80, repro.
1979
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Catalogue of the Italian Paintings. 2 vols. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1979: 1:140-142; 2:pl. 99.
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 116, no. 99, color repro.
1985
European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 100, repro.
1985
Mündler, Otto. "The Travel Diaries of Otto Mündler." Ed. Carol Togneri Dowd. Walpole Society 51 (1985): 246-247, 268.
1992
Santucci, Paola. La Pittura del Quattrocento. Torino, 1992:206, repro.
1993
Gagliardi, Jacques. La conquête de la peinture: L’Europe des ateliers du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Paris, 1993: 493-494.
2003
Boskovits, Miklós, and David Alan Brown, et al. Italian Paintings of the Fifteenth Century. The Systematic Catalogue of the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 2003: 215-222, color repro.
2003
Sgarbi, Vittorio. Francesco del Cossa. Milan, 2003: 136-139, repro., 230, cat. 22.
2006
Marinelli, Sergio. "Mantegna, l’eternità e la storia." In Sergio Marinelli and Paola Marini, eds. Mantegna e le Arti a Verona 1450-1500. Exh. cat. Palazzo della Gran Guardia, Verona, 2006: 25.
2013
Lucco, Mauro. Mantegna. Milan, 2013: 110, fig. 54, 118.
2016
Bacchi, Andrea, and Andrea De Marchi, eds. La Galleria di Palazzo Cini. Dipinti, sculture, oggetti d'arte. Venice, 2016: 179, 182 repro.
2016
Paolucci, Antonio, et al, eds. Piero della Francesca: Indagine su un mito. Exh. cat. Museo San Domenico, Forlì, 2016: 142.
2017
Serres, Karen. "Duveen's Italian framemaker, Ferruccio Vannoni." The Burlington Magazine 159, no. 1370 (May 2017): 372 n. 38.
2023
Ahl, Diane Cole. Painting in Fifteenth-Century Italy: "This Splendid and Noble Art". New Haven and London, 2023: 101, 103, fig. 3.21.

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