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Shown from the waist up, a pale-skinned woman wearing a jeweled dress faces our left in profile in this vertical portrait painting. She looks into the distance with the light brown eye we can see, under a faint, arched brow. She has a petite nose, smooth, lightly flushed cheeks, and her peach-colored lips are closed. Her rust-brown gown is trimmed with wide, mustard-yellow panels studded with pearls, rubies, and sapphires along the front of the bodice and down the sleeve we can see. The elbow of that sleeve, near the bottom edge of the painting, is gathered in intricate, narrow pleats. White fabric billows out from the seam where the sleeve meets her shoulder, and a wide scarlet-red belt bordered with pearls wraps around her waist. Her blond hair is pulled back and coiled into a horn over her ear. Her head is covered with a translucent white veil that falls in deep folds to her shoulder. Another sheer veil layered over the first sweeps down over the high hairline of her forehead. A double strand of white pearls encircles her neck above the white collar of her gown. A marine-blue cloth with an olive-green lining nearly fills the background beyond her, but a sliver of a landscape view can be seen along the left edge of the composition. The window opens onto a town with coral-red city walls in front of blue and gray buildings. Hazy blue mountains line the horizon in the deep distance, and the sky above deepens from pale, ice blue over the mountains to topaz blue across the top.

Ercole de' Roberti

Ginevra Bentivoglio, c. 1474/1477

West Building, Main Floor — Gallery 13

Medium

tempera on poplar panel

Dimensions

overall: 53.7 × 38.7 cm (21 1/8 × 15 1/4 in.)

framed: 85.09 × 66.68 × 13.34 cm (33 1/2 × 26 1/4 × 5 1/4 in.)

Credit Line

Samuel H. Kress Collection

Accession Number

1939.1.220

Artists / Makers

Ercole de' Roberti (artist) Ferrarese, c. 1455/1456 - 1496

Image Use

This image is in the public domain.
Read our full Open Access policy for images .

Overview

Both this panel of Ginevra Bentivoglio and the companion portrait of her husband, Giovanni II Bentivoglio, also in the National Gallery of Art, were created when the family was at the height of its power. Giovanni, a major political figure in northern Italy, ruled the city of Bologna from 1463 until his expulsion for tyranny in 1506. For the most part, Ginevra Bentivoglio is unemotional, and the lifeless gaze, masklike features, and impenetrable stare reveal little of the sitter's personality.

Renaissance profile portraits recalled the images of emperors and deities on the ancient Roman coins and medals that were so highly prized at the time. Moreover, the profile format, which isolates the sitter from the observer, was particularly appropriate to Giovanni's position as a strong-willed lord.

Ercole de' Roberti absorbed Francesco del Cossa's and Cosimo Tura's eccentric style; yet he was also aware of the meticulous realism of contemporary Flemish art, as is indicated by the lustrous pearls and gems so prominently displayed on Ginevra's sleeve. But the single most salient element in Ercole's style is his superior draftsmanship. An energetic yet nervous line describes the flowing contours of Ginevra's head, the swirling concentric rhythms of her hair, and the stiff, parallel folds of her kerchief.

Provenance

Acquired in Italy by Louis Charles Timbal [1821-1880], Paris, before 1871;[1] sold 29 November 1872 with his collection to Gustave Dreyfus [1837-1914], Paris;[2] his estate; sold 1930 with the entire Dreyfus collection to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris); sold May 1936 to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[3] gift 1939 to NGA.

[1] The painting was attributed by Timbal to Piero, according to the list of art objects sold by Timbal to Dreyfus (copy of the list in NGA curatorial files, dated 29 November 1872). A provenance from the University in Bologna, as reported by Rosemarie Molajoli, L'opera completa di Cosmé Tura e i grandi pittor ferraresei del suo tempo: Francesco Cossa e Ercole de' Roberti, Milan, 1974: 98, and Fern Rusk Shapley, Catalogue of the Italian Paintings, 2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1979: 1:407, remains undemonstrated. Nor is it convincing to identify the NGA's painting and its pendant, Giovanni II Bentivoglio (NGA 1939.1.219), with likenesses mentioned by Antonio di Paolo Masini in the seventeenth century. Molajoli and Shapley (see above citations) stated that, according to Masini's Bologna perlustrata, Bologna, 1966: Part I, 213, there were portraits attributed to Cossa by Masini that fit the description of the NGA pair. The erroneous identification of the Gallery's portraits with those mentioned by Masini is repeated by Monica Molteni, Ercole de' Roberti, Milan, 1995: 129. Actually, the portraits discussed by Masini flanked the Madonna del Baraccano, an older work that Giovanni I Bentivoglio and Bente Bentivoglio had Cossa alter in the 1470s. Even supposing that Masini's passage somehow describes the NGA portraits, one must note that the male sitter is described as being eighteen years of age (far younger that Giovanni II's likeness in the NGA) and the directions the couple face do not correspond to Masini's description ("Bente vi fabricò un altare, ed a destra vi si fece ritrare al vivo in età d'anni 18 ed a sinistra la sudetta Donna, per mano del pittore Francesco Cossa..." ["Bente had an altar built there and to the right had himself portrayed at the age of 18 and at the left the earlier-mentioned woman, by the hand of Francesco Cossa"]). Furthermore, the whole passage by Masini is criticized for its inaccuracies and impossible dates by an editor of Giovanni Baruffaldi, Vite de' pittori e scultori ferrarese, 2 vols., Ferrara, 1844: 1:17-19. In short, there is no known provenance for the NGA's diptych from before the nineteenth century.

[2] The provenance previous to 1872 is known from Fritz Harck, "Die Fresken im Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara," Jb Berlin 5 (1884): 118; Wilhelm Bode, "Die Ausbeute aus den Magazinen der Königlichen Gemälde Galerie zu Berlin," Jb Berlin 8 (1887): 126; and information on the back of a photograph in the Frick Art Reference Library, New York.

[3] The Duveen Brothers letter confirming the sale of thirteen paintings and one sculpture, including NGA 1939.1.219 and .220, is dated 18 May 1936; the provenance is given as "Dreyfus Coll'n" (copy in NGA curatorial files; Box 474, Folder 5, Duveen Brothers Records, accession number 960015, Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles). See also The Kress Collection Digital Archive, https://kress.nga.gov/Detail/objects/911.

Associated Names

Dreyfus, Gustave
Duveen Brothers, Inc.
Kress Foundation, Samuel H.
Timbal, Louis-Charles

Exhibition History

1940: Italian Renaissance Portraits, M. Knoedler and Company, New York, 1940, no. 9, repro.

1979: Berenson and the Coinnoisseurship of Italian Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1979, no. 55, repro.

2001: Virtue and Beauty: Leonardo's 'Ginevra de' Benci' and Renaissance Portraits of Women, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2001-2002, no. 2B, color repro.

2015: Loan for display with permanent collection, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 2015.

Bibliography

1886: Ephrussi, Charles. "Les Médailleurs de la Renaissance par M. Alöiss Heiss." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1886): 72, repro.

1887: Bode, Wilhelm von. "Die Ausbeute aus den Magazinen der Königlichen Gemäldegalerie zu Berlin." Jahrbuch der Königlish Preussischen Kunstsammlungen. 8 (1887):126

1888: Gruyer, Gustave. "Les Livres a gravures sur bois." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1888):428

1889: Bode, Wilhelm von. "La Renaissance au Musée de Berlin." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1889):117 as by Francesco del Cossa

1897: Gruyer, Gustave. L'Art Ferrarais a l'époque des Princes d'Este. Paris, 1897:120, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1901: Cook, Herbert. "Francesco Bianchi-Ferrar et la 'Madone' du Louvre." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 25 (1901):382, as Bianchi

1901: Venturi, Adolfo. Storia dell'Arte Italiana. 11 vols. Milan, 1901-1940: 7(1914): 653, repro,. as by Francesco del Cossa.

1902: Cook, Herbert. "Trésors de l'art en Italien en Angleterre." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1902):452-453, repro. as attributed to Bianchi.

1905: Reinach, Salomon. Répertoire de peintures du moyen âge et de la Renaissance (1280-1580). 6 vols. Paris, 1905-1923: 3(1910):241, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1907: Berenson, Bernard. North Italian Painters of the Renaissance. New York and London, 1907: 218, as by Maineri or possibly Bianchi.

1908: Les Arts 73 (January 1908):10, repro., as by Francesco del Cossa.

1915: Cook, Herbert. "Further Light on Baldassare d'Este." The Burlington Magazine 27 (1915):98+ as by Baldassare d'Este

1918: Colasanti, Arduino. "The Presumed Portrait of Giovanni Bentivoglio in the Boston Museum". Art in America 6 (1918): 90, mention as by follower of Francesco del Cossa

1925: "La collection Gustave Dreyfus." L'Amour de l'art (1925):331, repro., as by Francesco del Cossa

1930: International Studio (August 1930): 65

1931: Mayer, August L. "Die Sammlung Gustave Dreyfus." Pantheon 7 (1931):11, repro.

1933: Venturi, Lionello. Italian Paintings in America. 3 vols. New York and Milan, 1933: 2:352, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1934: Longhi, Roberto. Officina Ferrarese. Rome, 1934: 75, repro.; rev. ed. Florence, 1956: 46-47, repro.

1937: Ady, Cecilia M. The Bentivoglio of Bologna: A Study in Depotism. Oxford, 1937:repro.

1940: Suida, Wilhelm. "Die Sammlung Kress, New York." Pantheon 26 (1940): 273, repro.

1941: Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 64, repro., as by Francesco Cossa.

1941: Ortolani, Sergio. Cosmè Tura, Francesco del Cossa, Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1941:158, repro.

1941: Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 170, no. 331.

1941: Richter, George Martin. "The New National Gallery in Washington." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 78 (June 1941): 178, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1942: Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 246, repro. 179.

1944: Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 56, color repro.

1944: Frankfurter, Alfred M. The Kress Collection in the National Gallery. New York, 1944: 33, repro.

1945: Paintings and Sculpture from the Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1945 (reprinted 1947, 1949): 81, repro.

1945: Shapley, Fern Rusk. "A Portrait of Francesco Sforza." The Art Quarterly 8 (Winter 1945): 37.

1951: Einstein, Lewis. Looking at Italian Pictures in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1951: 50-53, repro.

1957: Shapley, Fern Rusk. Comparisons in Art: A Companion to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. London, 1957 (reprinted 1959): pl. 60.

1959: Paintings and Sculpture from the Samuel H. Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1959: 119, repro.

1959: Ruhmer, Eberhard. Francesco Del Cossa. Munich, 1959:93, repro.

1960: Salmi, Mario. Ercole de' Roberti. Milan, 1960: 19, repro.

1961: Walker, John, Guy Emerson, and Charles Seymour. Art Treasures for America: An Anthology of Paintings & Sculpture in the Samuel H. Kress Collection. London, 1961: 48, color repro. pl. 44.

1963: Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 90, repro.

1964: Ruhmer, Eberhard. "Ein Madonnenbild nach Francesco del Cossa." Pantheon XII, no. 2 (March/April 1964):79, repro.

1965: Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 115.

1966: Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:66, color repro.

1966: Shapley, Fern Rusk. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools, XIII-XV Century. London, 1966: 86-87, fig. 233.

1968: Berenson, Bernard. Italian Pictures of the Renaissance. Central Italian and North Italian Schools. 3 vols. London, 1968: 1:122.

1968: National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 103, repro.

1974: Molajoli, Rosemarie. L'Opera completa di Cosmè Tura e i grandi pittori ferraresi del suo tempo: Francesco Cossa e Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1974:no. 124, repro.

1975: European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 306, repro.

1978: Sleptzoff, L.M. Men or Supermen? The Italian Portrait in the Fifteenth Century. Jerusalem, 1978:61-62

1979: Shapley, Fern Rusk. Catalogue of the Italian Paintings. 2 vols. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1979: 1:406-407; 2:pl. 289.

1984: Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 112, no. 89, color repro.

1985: European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 353, repro.

1992: Manca, Joseph. The Art of Ercole de’ Roberti. Cambridge, 1992: 11, 21, 34-35, 104-106, fig. 5a.

1992: National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 21, repro.

1993: Gagliardi, Jacques. La conquête de la peinture: L’Europe des ateliers du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Paris, 1993: 496, fig. 603.

2003: Boskovits, Miklós, and David Alan Brown, et al. Italian Paintings of the Fifteenth Century. The Systematic Catalogue of the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 2003: 603-607, color repro.

2004: Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 27, color fig. 21.

2008: Trevisani, Filippo and Davide Gasparotto, eds. Bonacolsi, l'Antico: uno scultore nella Mantova di Andrea Mantegna e di Isabella d'Este. Exh. cat. Palazzo Ducale, Mantua. Milan, 2008: 228, VI.6.

2011: Christiansen, Keith, and Stefan Wepplemann, eds. The Renaissance Portrait from Donatello to Bellini. Exh. cat. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2011: 194.

2018: Schumacher, Andreas, ed. Florence and its Painters: From Giotto to Leonardo da Vinci. Exh. cat. Alte Pinakothek, Munich, 2018: 308.