Sir Anthony van Dyck

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Biography

Born in Antwerp on 22 March 1599, Anthony van Dyck was the seventh child of Frans van Dyck, a wealthy silk merchant, and Maria Cuypers, who was renowned for her embroidery skills. In 1609, when he was ten years old, his parents apprenticed the precocious youth to Hendrik van Balen (1575-1632), a painter of small cabinet pictures and dean of the city's Saint Luke's Guild. Although the length of Van Dyck's stay with Van Balen is not known, it probably lasted three to four years.

Van Dyck registered as a master in the Antwerp Saint Luke's Guild on 11 February 1618, by which time he was already in demand as a portrait painter (see the NGA painting, Portrait of a Flemish Lady). By 1615-1616, however, Van Dyck had presumably established his own workshop in a large house called Den Dom van Ceulen. The fact that the young artist was allowed to work independently before actually joining the guild may indicate that he enjoyed the protection of Peter Paul Rubens, whose contacts with the court in Brussels enabled him to obtain special favors for some of his protégés. During the late 1610s Van Dyck not only created his own independent religious and mythological scenes but was also active as Rubens' most important assistant. He helped the master with a number of his large commissions, including the designs for the Decius Mus tapestry series (see the NGA painting, Decius Mus Addressing the Legions) and the ceiling decorations for the Church of Saint Charles Borromeo, the new Jesuit church in Antwerp. By 1620 Van Dyck had risen to the point where one admirer wrote that "his work is almost as highly appreciated as Rubens.'"

Sometime between July and November 1620, Van Dyck made his first trip to England. His activities there are not known in detail, although he apparently entered the service of King James I. He also produced at least one picture for each of the two chief patrons of the arts in Jacobean England: Portrait of Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel (Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum) and Continence of Scipio (Oxford, Christ Church), executed for George Villiers, then Marquess (later 1st Duke) of Buckingham.

By the end of February 1621 Van Dyck was back in Antwerp, where he remained for eight months before leaving for Italy. Just before his departure Van Dyck presented Rubens with three large paintings, including a portrait of his mentor's wife, Isabella Brant (see NGA 1937.1.47). Van Dyck arrived in Genoa, his first Italian port of call, on 20 November 1621. The following year he spent eight months in Rome and also made short visits to Florence, Bologna, Venice, Padua, Mantua, and Milan before returning to Genoa at the end of 1622. There he encountered the majestic portraits Rubens had painted when he was in Genoa in 1606, among them Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria (NGA 1961.9.60); these paintings were to inspire Van Dyck in his own work (see Marchesa Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo [NGA 1942.9.92]).

Van Dyck spent most of 1623 in Genoa, although he was in Rome between March and October of that year. During the spring and summer of 1624 he worked in Palermo. When an outbreak of the plague forced him to flee, he left behind an unfinished altarpiece, the Madonna of the Rosary (Palermo, Congregazione della Madonna del Rosario), which was sent after him to be completed in Genoa. Except for a purported trip to Marseilles and Aix-en-Provence in 1625, Van Dyck remained in Genoa until his return to Antwerp in 1627.

An informative document of Van Dyck's Italian sojourn is the so-called Italian Sketchbook, now at the British Museum, in which he recorded drawings from life and copies after many works of art, primarily by Titian (c. 1488-1576), that he saw and admired on his travels. Indeed, not only was Van Dyck profoundly influenced by the style of this Venetian master, but inventories also reveal that he later owned no fewer than nineteen paintings by Titian, as well as his own copies of several others.

After his return to Antwerp, Van Dyck was extremely productive, both as a portraitist and a history painter. His portraits were sought after by Antwerp burghers and princely patrons, including Archduchess Isabella, governess of the Spanish Netherlands, and Queen Mother Maria de' Medici of France. Van Dyck received many commissions for large altarpieces, including two that he painted for the Jesuit Confraternity of Bachelors (Sodaliteit van de bejaerde Jongmans) in Antwerp, a lay brotherhood that he had joined in 1628.

In the late 1620s Van Dyck began an extensive project known as the Iconography, a series of etchings and engravings of famous princes, aristocrats, and artists that would be published after his death. Aside from his own achievements, Van Dyck's rising artistic and social status was helped by Rubens' absence from Antwerp during the late 1620s. In 1630 the archduchess named Van Dyck court painter.

Van Dyck, however, did not remain long in Antwerp. In the winter of 1631-1632 he traveled to The Hague, where he worked for both the prince of Orange, Frederik Hendrik, and for Frederick V of the Palatinate and his wife, Elizabeth Stuart, the so-called Winter King and Winter Queen. More significantly, that spring Van Dyck moved to London, where, on 5 July 1632, he was knighted and named court painter to King Charles I and his wife, Queen Henrietta Maria, and provided with a generous yearly stipend. His numerous portraits of the king and queen (see Queen Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson [NGA 1952.5.39]), as well as of members of their court (see Philip, Lord Wharton [NGA 1937.1.50]), have profoundly influenced history's perception of the aristocratic character of Charles I's reign.

In 1634 Van Dyck took leave of his responsibilities at the English court and returned to Antwerp and Brussels. His motivation for this decision is not known, but he possibly left for family reasons. He may also have hoped that changing political circumstances after the death of Archduchess Isabella in 1633 would enhance his artistic prestige. Nevertheless, Van Dyck returned to England after little more than a year, even though he had purchased a large country estate in 1634, was made honorary dean of the Antwerp Saint Luke's Guild, and produced an imposing group of portraits of aristocrats, scholars, and nobles (see Henry II de Lorraine [NGA 1947.14.1]).

Between 1635 and 1640 Van Dyck and his extensive workshop continued to execute portraits and mythological paintings for the English court. On 27 February 1639 he married Mary Ruthven, a noble lady-in-waiting to the queen. A few months after Rubens' death on 30 May 1640, Van Dyck returned once again to Antwerp, seemingly, at last, the undisputed head of the Flemish School. However, upon arrival, he was asked by Cardinal Infante Ferdinand to complete a set of four pictures for the king of Spain that Rubens had left unfinished. Van Dyck refused to accept this project but indicated that he would be willing to undertake a new commission. Apparently rebuffed, he soon left for Paris in an unsuccessful attempt to secure the commission for the decoration of the Grande Galerie of the Louvre.

By May 1641 Van Dyck was back in London, but he was unwell and continued working only with difficulty. Moreover, the political turmoil that had erupted in England had already unsettled the lives of many of the aristocratic patrons on whom he relied. In November Van Dyck returned to Paris, where Queen Henrietta Maria had taken refuge with her brother, King Louis XIII. Seriously ill, the artist returned shortly thereafter to England, where on 1 December his wife gave birth to their only child, a daughter named Justiniana. Three days later Van Dyck made his will, and on 9 December 1641 he died. He was buried on 11 December in the choir of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, where his tomb perished in the Great Fire of 1666.

[This is the artist's biography published in the NGA Systematic Catalogue]

Artist Bibliography

1672

Bellori, Giovanni Pietro. Le vite de'pittori, scultori et architetti moderni. Rome, 1672: 253-264.

1753

Houbraken, Arnold. De Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen. 3 vols. in 1. The Hague, 1753 (Reprint: Amsterdam, 1976): 1:179-188.

1844

Carpenter, William Hookham. Pictorial Notices: Consisting of a Memoir of Sir Anthony van Dyck, with a Descriptive Catalogue of the Etchings Executed by Him.... London, 1844.

1883

Branden, Franz Joseph van den. Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche Schilderschool. Antwerp, 1883521, 692-746, 929.

1971

Bie, Cornelis de. Het gulden cabinet van de edel vry schilderconst. Edited by Gerard Lemmens. Reprint of Antwerp, 1661/1662. Soest, 1971: 74-78.

1975

Larsen, Erik, ed. La vie, les ouvrages et les élèves de Van Dyck. Manuscrit inédit des archives du Louvre, par un auteur anonyme. Brussels, 1975.

1979

Martin, John Rupert, and Gail Feigenbaum. Van Dyck as Religius Artist. Exh. cat. Princeton University Art Museum, 1979.

1980

McNairn, Alan. The Young van Dyck/Le jeune van Dyck. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, 1980.

1982

Brown, Christopher. Van Dyck. London, 1982.

1986

Barnes, Susan J. "Van Dyck in Italy 1621-1628." Ph.D. diss., Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. 2 vols. New York, 1986.

1988

Larsen, Erik. The Paintings of Anthony van Dyck. 2 vols. Freren, 1988.

1990

Wheelock, Arthur K. Jr., Susan J. Barnes, et al. Anthony van Dyck. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1990.

1994

Stighelen, Karlijne van der. "Young Anthony: Archival Discoveries Relating to Van Dyck's Early Career." In Barnes, Susan J., and Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr., eds. Van Dyck 350. Hanover and London, 1994.

1997

Barnes, Susan, Piero Boccardo, et al. Van Dyck a Genova. Grande pittura e collezionismo. Exh. cat. Palazzo Ducale, Genoa, 1997.

1999

Brown, Chistopher, Hans Vlieghe, et al. Van Dyck 1599-1641. Exh. cat. Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp; Royal Academy of Arts, London. Antwerp and London, 1999.

2004

Barnes, Susan J., Nora De Poorter, Oliver Millar, and Horst Vey. Van Dyck: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings. New Haven and London, 2004.

2005

Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Flemish Paintings of the Seventeenth Century. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 2005: 20-21.