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A winged angel with arms crossed kneels across from a young woman sitting and holding a book, both under an archway in a paneled room in this vertical painting. They both have pale, yellow-toned skin, blond hair, and flat, gold halos. They also have golden brown eyes, long, straight noses, smooth cheeks, and their pale, pink lips are closed. To our right, the woman sits in a throne-like chair with her body facing our left. Her head tilts down, and she looks toward the angel under lowered lids. Her hair is pulled back under the neck of the lapis-blue cloak she wears over a crimson-red dress. The dress and cloak are trimmed with gold, and a there is a gold starburst on the cloak over her left shoulder, closer to us. She holds her other hand up near that shoulder with her fingertips brushing her chest. With her other hand, she holds open the pages of a small book in her lap, so her fingers overlap some of the words. The entire Latin inscription would read, “virgo concipiet et pariet filium et vocabitur nomen eius emmanuel butirum et mel come dit ut fiat reprobare.” A slender, bone-white column separates her from the angel across from her, along the left edge of the painting. The angel has curly, shoulder-length hair and wears a robe with a gold, floral pattern against a burgundy-red background. Long, golden wings emerge from the shoulder blades and extend off the side of the composition. An open archway just beyond the angel is filled with streaks of flax yellow and burnt orange, possibly representing flames. Some of the walls in the room around the pair are pale olive green and other areas are darker spruce green. There are bands of coral-pink molding and inset panels of patterned mosaics. The flat ceiling of the space immediately over the pair is decorated with checkerboard panels in navy blue, hunter green, brown, and brick red. Gold lines create a ray coming from the ceiling toward the woman. At the back of the space, beyond the column separating the woman and angel, the room extends into an alcove with an arched hallway painted with gold stars against a midnight-blue background. Double doors open at the back of the alcove onto a room with a pale-yellow curtain with a mesh-like trim. We see the pair as if through a stone archway that lines the top and sides of the composition. The upper corners are filled with leafy decorations, as if carved into the stone.

Masolino da Panicale

The Annunciation, c. 1423/1424

West Building, Main Floor — Gallery 4

Medium

tempera (and possibly oil glazes) on panel

Dimensions

overall: 148.8 × 115.1 cm (58 9/16 × 45 5/16 in.)

framed: 181.61 × 151.13 × 19.69 cm (71 1/2 × 59 1/2 × 7 3/4 in.)

Credit Line

Andrew W. Mellon Collection

Accession Number

1937.1.16

Artists / Makers

Masolino da Panicale (painter) Florentine, c. 1383 - 1435 or after

Image Use

This image is in the public domain.
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Inscription

on the Virgin's prayerbook: virgo / [c]oncipiet / [e]t p[a]ri[et] / fili[um et vocabitur nomen eius] em[m]anuel / butirum et / mel come / dit u[t] fiat / [rep]roba[re] (Propter hoc dabit Dominus ipse vobis signum. Ecce virgo concipiet, et pariet filium, et vocabitur nomen eius Emmanuel. Butyrum et mel comedet, ut sciat reprobare malum, et eligere bonum; from Isaiah 7:14-15)

Provenance

Painted to serve as the altarpiece of the Guardini chapel on the left side of the rood screen in the church of San Niccolò Oltrarno, Florence, and probably in place by 1426;[1] transferred by c. 1567 (the date of the demolition of the rood screen) to the altar of the other chapel of the Guardini family in the same church; moved 1576 to the Sacristy (and replaced by the Annunciation altarpiece newly painted by Alessandro Fei);[2] in a room annexed to the sacristy, probably until the end of the eighteenth century.[3] possibly Francis Weymss-Charteris-Douglas, 9th earl of Wemyss [1796-1883], Gosford House, Longniddry, Scotland;[4] by inheritance to his son, Francis Richard Charteris, 10th earl of Wemyss [1818-1914], Gosford House, by 1886;[5] by inheritance to his son, Hugo Richard Charteris, 11th earl of Wemyss, [1857-1937], Gosford House; sold c. 1915 to (Robert Langton Douglas, London);[6] sold to Henry Goldman [1857-1937], New York, by 1916;[7] (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London and New York);[8] purchased 26 April 1937 by The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh;[9] gift 1937 to NGA.

[1] As shown by Serena Padovani, "Apunti su alcuni dipinti quattrocenteschi di San Niccolò Oltrano," in Studi di storia dell'arte in onore di Mina Gregori, ed. Elisa Acanfora and Micaela Sambucco Hamoud, Milan, 1994: 39-46, the butcher Michele Guardini dictated his will on 15 July 1417, stipulating the construction of a chapel dedicated to the Annunciation in the church of San Niccolò. This would have been an addition to the new church, built in the early years of the century and roofed at Guardini's expense in 1411 (see Walter and Elisabeth Paatz, Die Kirchen von Florenz, 6 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1952: 4:359-365, and Giovanna Damiani, "La chiesa quattrocentesca. Ipotesi di ricostruzione," in San Niccolò Oltrarno. La Chiesa, una famiglia di antiquary, ed. Giovanna Damiana, Anna Laghi, et al., 2 vols., Florence, 1982: 1:26). On 8 March 1426, when Guardini replaced his old will with a new one, his chapel must already have been not only built but also decorated, since it appears to be regularly officiated by a chaplain. Thus 1417 and 1426 are post and ante quem dates for the execution of Masolino's altarpiece.

[2] The history of Masolino's panel and its various transfers are given in precise detail in a manuscript dated 1579 by the parish priest of the time (Leonardo Tanci, "Memoriae della chiesa di San Niccolò Oltrarno in Firenze," 1579, Ms. Florence, Archivio parrocchiale di San Niccolò, fol. 116r; see also Damiani 1982: 1:58, who for the first time introduces this text into art historical literature). The claim by Perri Lee Roberts ("Lost and Found: The San Niccolò Annunciation Reconsidered," Southeastern College Art Conference Review 11 (1990): 372-378) that the manuscript names Masolino as author of the painting is the fruit of a misunderstanding.

[3] A marginal note added to the manuscript sheet cited above further specifies: "anzi questa tavola si messe nella squola et voglio dire opera, e in sagrestia in detto luogo si messe quella de Pieri" ("rather this panel [Masolino's Annunciation] was put in the school and I mean vestry board, and in the sacristy in its place was put the Pieri panel [the panel formerly placed above the altar on the other side of the rood screen, patronized by the Pieri family, now lost]"). In a miscellaneous manuscript in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Florence (Notize varie della Città di Firenze, Ms. Palatino 1177, after 1713), a marginal note to Vasari's description of the Annunciation in San Niccolò (fol. 13v) indicates: "Nella Sagrestia piccola una tavola piccola sopra la Porta internamente: dove vi è Santissima Nunziata e vi è bella soffitta con una colonna avanti tirato il tutto con supposta prospettiva" ("In the little sacristy a small panel above the door on the inside: where there is the Holy Virgin Annunciate and there is a beautiful ceiling with a column in front, all of it shown in perspective"). The note is important because it gives an unmistakable description of the panel, and thus definitive proof of its identity as NGA 1937.1.16. The "piccola Sagrestia" is presumably the same room annexed to the sacristy which Tanci referred to as the "squola" and "opera." The note is unfortunately not dated, but since in an earlier sheet (fol. 11r) mention is made of the deceased prince Ferdinando de' Medici, it must have been written after 1713.

The commentary to Vasari's Lives in the Antonelli edition (Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti, ed. Giuseppe Antonelli, 19 vols., Venice, 1828-1833: 2:422) does not yet note the painting's absence from the church--its disappearance is announced only in the edition by Giovanni Masselli and Giovan Paolo Montani (Giorgio Vasari, Opere, ed. Masselli and Montani, 2 vols., Florence, 1832-1838: 252 n. 9)--but it must have been removed from the church by c. 1800, since Tommaso Puccini, writing his unpublished comments on Vasari's Lives, already notes the panel's absence (see "Dialoghi sulle vite dei pittori del Vasari," c. 1800, Archive of the Gallerie Fiorentine, Ms. no. 46, fol. 116). The suspicion, as yet unprovable, is that Masolino's Annunciation as well as Gentile's Quaratesi Madonna, two important documents of early Quattrocento Florentine painting that were unappreciated by collectors of the period, were both purchased by William Young Ottley, the aficionado of Italian primitives, during his stay in Italy between 1791 and 1798 (see Ellis Waterhouse, "Some Notes on W.Y. Ottley's Collection of Italian Primitives," Italian Studies Presented to E.R. Vincent, ed. C.P. Brand, K. Foster, and U. Limentani, Cambridge, 1962: 272-280).

[4] Presumably the work was hanging in the family residence of Gosford House or elsewhere for some time before 1886 (see note 5). When Gustav Friedrich Waagen (see Galleries and Cabinets of Art in Great Britain, London, 1857: 437-441) visited Gosford House he described mainly Dutch paintings and pictures from a later period; but the scholar was admitted only to the "principal apartments" of the house, and it could be that the Annunciation was hanging in a room to which he was not given access. Some years earlier Waagen (Treasures of Art in Great Britain, London, 1854: 2:82) had occasion to see, at Amisfield House, the collection of Lord Elcho, the future 10th earl of Wemyss, whom he describes as an "ardent admirer of the Italian school." However, Masolino's Annunciation was not quoted among the paintings seen in this house either, nor does it appear in a 1771 inventory of the house (transcribed and published in Transactions of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland [Archaeologia Scotica], vol. 1 (1792): 77-84). On the collecting by the earls see: Pictures from Gosford House lent by The Earl of Wemyss and March, exh. cat., National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1957; "The Earls of Wemyss and March," in Dutch Art and Scotland: A Reflection of Taste, exh. cat., National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1992: 171; Shelagh Wemyss, "Francis, Lord Elcho (10th Earl of Wemyss) as a Collector of Italian Old Masters," Journal of the Scottish Society for Art History 8 (2003): 73-76.

[5] The painting appeared in the exhibition of the Royal Academy in London in 1886 as belonging to the collection of the earl of Wemyss.

[6] See Denys Sutton, "Robert Langton Douglas. Part III," Apollo CIX, no. 208 (June 1979): 431, according to whom Douglas first offered the panel for sale to the Fogg Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts. See also letters from Douglas to Fowles dated 18 February 1937 and 1 May 1941, Duveen Brothers Records, Box 244 (reel 299).

[7] See Bernard Berenson, "The Annunciation by Masolino," Art in America 4 (1916): 305-311; William R. Valentiner, "Die Leihausstellung frühitalienischer Malerei in Detroit," Pantheon 12 (1933): no. 3. According to their prospectus (in NGA curatorial files), Duveen purchased the painting from Goldman's estate.

[8] See Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America, New York, 1941: no. 28.

[9] Mellon Trust purchase date is according to Mellon collection files in NGA curatorial records and David Finley's notebook (donated to the National Gallery of Art in 1977, now in the Gallery Archives).

Associated Names

Charteris, 10th earl of Wemyss, Francis Richard
Charteris, Hugo Richard 11th earl of Wemyss
Charteris-Douglas, 9th earl of Wemyss, Francis
Douglas, Robert Langton
Duveen Brothers, Inc.
Goldman, Henry
Guardini family
Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, The A.W.

Exhibition History

1886: Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters. Winter Exhibition, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1886, no. 185, as by Anonymous, Italian School.

Bibliography

1579: Tanci, Leonardo. “Memoriae della chiesa di San Niccolò Oltr’Arno in Firenze.” 1579. Ms. Florence, Archivio parrocchiale di San Niccolò: fol. 116r.

1584: Borghini, Raffaello. Il Riposo di Raffaello Borgini. Florence, 1584: 313, as by Masaccio.

1677: Bocchi, Francesco. Le bellezze della città di Firenze. (Florence, 1591). Ed. Giovanni Cinelli. Florence, 1677: 272, as by Masaccio.

1713: “Notizie varie della Città di Firenze.” Ms. Palatino 1177 [after 1713]. Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale: fol. 13v.

1800: Puccini, Tommaso. “Dialoghi sulle vite dei pittori del Vasari.” [c. 1800]. Florence, Uffizi Library, Ms. no. 46: fol. 1161r.

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1878: Vasari, Giorgio. Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori. Ed. Gaetano Milanesi. 9 vols. Florence, 1878-1885: 2(1878):290, as by Masaccio.

1895: Schmarsow, August. Masacchio-Studien. 4 vols. Kassel, 1895-1899: 3(1898):69; 5(1899):70, as by Masaccio.

1900: Berenson, Bernard. The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. 2nd ed. New York and London, 1900: 128.

1902: Berenson, Bernard. “Quelques peintures méconnues de Masolino da Panicale.” Gazette des Beux-Arts 44, no. 27 (1902): 89. Reprinted in Berenson, Bernard. The Study and Criticism of Italian Art. 2nd ser. London, 1902.

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2010: Rowley, Neville. “Pittura di luce: La manière claire dans la peinture du Quattrocento.” Ph.D. Diss., Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2010: 34 n. 77, 64 n. 188, fig. 30.

2022: Badino, Grazia. “Firenze, 7 gennaio 1422: Masaccio, ‘pictor populi Sancti Nicholai’.” In Angelo Tartuferi, Lucia Bencistà, and Nicoletta Matteuzzi, eds. Masaccio e i maestri del Rinascimento a confronto. Per celebrare 600 anni del Trittico di San Giovenale. Exh. cat., Museo Masaccio d’Arte Sacra, Reggello (Florence), 2022: 82-83, 88 n. 13.

2024: De Luca, Silvia, Andrea De Marchi and Francesco Suppa, eds. Empoli 1424: Masolino e gli albori del rinascimento. Exh. cat. Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea and Chiesa di Santo Stefano degli Agostiniani, Empoli, 2024: 144.

2024: De Marchi, Andrea. "Masolino da Panicale, un irregolare." In Silvia De Luca, Andrea De Marchi, and Francesco Suppa, eds. Empoli 1424: Masolino e gli albori del rinascimento. Exh. cat. Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea and Chiesa di Santo Stefano degli Agostiniani, Empoli, 2024: 75, 77.